Heat the olive oil in a large pot or Dutch oven over medium heat.
Add the chopped onion and minced garlic. Sauté until the onion is translucent, about 3-4 minutes.
Add the ground beef to the pot, breaking it up with a wooden spoon. Cook until browned, about 5-7 minutes. Drain excess fat if necessary.
Stir in the sliced carrots and diced celery. Cook for another 3-4 minutes until they begin to soften.
Add the chopped cabbage to the pot, mixing well with the other ingredients.
Pour in the diced tomatoes (with juice), beef broth, Worcestershire sauce, thyme, salt, and black pepper. Stir to combine.
Bring the soup to a boil, then reduce the heat to low. Cover and simmer for 30 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables are tender.
Taste and adjust seasoning if necessary, then serve hot.